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| ginkgo [2026/01/14 09:15] – [Vitamin A] goulash51 | ginkgo [2026/01/14 09:16] (current) – [Antioxidants] goulash51 | ||
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| ====Antioxidants==== | ====Antioxidants==== | ||
| - | Fights off pollution. \\ | + | *Fights off pollution. \\ |
| - | Protects the body from free radicals. \\ | + | *Protects the body from free radicals. \\ |
| - | May be helpful in prevents ulcers, atherosclerosis, | + | *May be helpful in prevents ulcers, atherosclerosis, |
| - | Lowering cancer risk and supporting the immune system. \\ | + | *Lowering cancer risk and supporting the immune system. \\ |
| - | Cell structural integrity and correct differentiation of surface cells. \\ | + | *Cell structural integrity and correct differentiation of surface cells. \\ |
| - | Healthy function of mucous membranes. \\ | + | *Healthy function of mucous membranes. \\ |
| - | In retinol form can optimise white blood cell production. \\ | + | *In retinol form can optimise white blood cell production. \\ |
| - | Optimise recognition of food allergies, antibody response and the blockages of certain viruses. \\ | + | *Optimise recognition of food allergies, antibody response and the blockages of certain viruses. \\ |
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| ===Regulating genetic processes=== | ===Regulating genetic processes=== | ||
| - | Many of the body’s cells contain receptors for retinoic acid, which seems to aid their genetic processes. \\ | + | *Many of the body’s cells contain receptors for retinoic acid, which seems to aid their genetic processes. \\ |
| - | Fatigue and insomnia can be signs of deficiency as well as slight loss of smell and taste. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011; Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) | + | *Fatigue and insomnia can be signs of deficiency as well as slight loss of smell and taste. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011; Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) |
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| ===Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)=== | ===Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)=== | ||
| - | Co-factor in the metabolism and production of energy (carbohydrates and lipids). \\ | + | *Co-factor in the metabolism and production of energy (carbohydrates and lipids). \\ |
| - | Health of nerves and nervous system (synthesis of acetylcholine), | + | *Health of nerves and nervous system (synthesis of acetylcholine), |
| - | Production of the myelin sheath, the protective insulation made from fatty like tissue around the nerves, a lack of which leads to inflammation. \\ | + | *Production of the myelin sheath, the protective insulation made from fatty like tissue around the nerves, a lack of which leads to inflammation. \\ |
| - | Growth and individual learning capacity in children. \\ | + | *Growth and individual learning capacity in children. \\ |
| - | Depression. \\ | + | *Depression. \\ |
| - | Fatigue. \\ | + | *Fatigue. \\ |
| - | Irritability. \\ | + | *Irritability. \\ |
| - | Treatment of nerve conditions. \\ | + | *Treatment of nerve conditions. \\ |
| - | Beriberi. \\ | + | *Beriberi. \\ |
| - | Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. \\ | + | *Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. \\ |
| - | Loss of memory. \\ | + | *Loss of memory. \\ |
| - | Loss of motor skills. \\ | + | *Loss of motor skills. \\ |
| - | GI problems – lack of motility. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) | + | *GI problems – lack of motility. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) |
| ===Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)=== | ===Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)=== | ||
| - | Formation of two of the co-enzymes used in the metabolism and production of energy. \\ | + | *Formation of two of the co-enzymes used in the metabolism and production of energy. \\ |
| - | Needed for cellular respiration. \\ | + | *Needed for cellular respiration. \\ |
| - | Healthy eyesight. \\ | + | *Healthy eyesight. \\ |
| - | Healthy hair, skin and nails. \\ | + | *Healthy hair, skin and nails. \\ |
| - | Utilised for cellular growth. \\ | + | *Utilised for cellular growth. \\ |
| - | Supports the formation and recycling of other essential chemicals in the body. The production of niacin (vitamin B3), pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) and glutathione. \\ | + | *Supports the formation and recycling of other essential chemicals in the body. The production of niacin (vitamin B3), pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6) and glutathione. \\ |
| - | Nervous system health – head aches / migraines. ((Braun 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) | + | *Nervous system health – head aches / migraines. ((Braun 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) |
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| ===Vitamin B3 (Niacin)=== | ===Vitamin B3 (Niacin)=== | ||
| - | Produces two of the co-enzymes in the Krebs cycle providing metabolism and energy for every cell in the body. \\ | + | *Produces two of the co-enzymes in the Krebs cycle providing metabolism and energy for every cell in the body. \\ |
| - | Energy production from carbohydrates, | + | *Energy production from carbohydrates, |
| - | Stimulation of circulation. \\ | + | *Stimulation of circulation. \\ |
| - | Formation of red blood cells and steroids. \\ | + | *Formation of red blood cells and steroids. \\ |
| - | Metabolism of some drugs and toxicants. \\ | + | *Metabolism of some drugs and toxicants. \\ |
| - | Reduction of cholesterol. \\ | + | *Reduction of cholesterol. \\ |
| - | Healthy activity of the nervous system. \\ | + | *Healthy activity of the nervous system. \\ |
| - | Health of skin, tongue and digestive tract tissues. \\ | + | *Health of skin, tongue and digestive tract tissues. \\ |
| - | Synthesis of oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone and other corticosteroid hormones. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) | + | *Synthesis of oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone and other corticosteroid hormones. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) |
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| ===Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)=== | ===Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)=== | ||
| - | Precursor of Coenzyme A (CoA) this being an essential component of 4% of enzymatic reactions that are part of metabolism. Vitamin B5 is formed into Coenzyme A where it is used for the metabolism of carbohydrates, | + | *Precursor of Coenzyme A (CoA) this being an essential component of 4% of enzymatic reactions that are part of metabolism. Vitamin B5 is formed into Coenzyme A where it is used for the metabolism of carbohydrates, |
| - | Vitamin B5 in the form of Coenzyme A is essential for cellular metabolism. \\ | + | *Vitamin B5 in the form of Coenzyme A is essential for cellular metabolism. \\ |
| - | It is closely linked with adrenal cortex function. \\ | + | *It is closely linked with adrenal cortex function. \\ |
| - | Supports healthy skin and nerves. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011; Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) | + | *Supports healthy skin and nerves. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011; Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) |
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| ===Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)=== | ===Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)=== | ||
| - | Vitamin B6 and its coenzyme form pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P5P). These have numerous metabolic functions, significantly in amino acid metabolism and the central nervous system, here producing the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). There are numerous reactions that require vitamin B6 to be present, these include production of niacin from tryptophan, tryptophan to serotonin and the production of prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid. \\ | + | *Vitamin B6 and its coenzyme form pyridoxal-5-phosphate (P5P). These have numerous metabolic functions, significantly in amino acid metabolism and the central nervous system, here producing the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). There are numerous reactions that require vitamin B6 to be present, these include production of niacin from tryptophan, tryptophan to serotonin and the production of prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid. \\ |
| - | Hormone regulation. \\ | + | *Hormone regulation. \\ |
| - | Vitamin B6 is used in the production of energy from all food groups (carbohydrates, | + | *Vitamin B6 is used in the production of energy from all food groups (carbohydrates, |
| - | The degradation of proteins and the production of other amino acids. \\ | + | *The degradation of proteins and the production of other amino acids. \\ |
| - | Transportation of amino acids across the intestinal mucosa into the blood stream. \\ | + | *Transportation of amino acids across the intestinal mucosa into the blood stream. \\ |
| - | Importance in sulphur metabolism particularly with tryptophan, cysteine and methionine metabolism. \\ | + | *Importance in sulphur metabolism particularly with tryptophan, cysteine and methionine metabolism. \\ |
| - | Release of stored energy in the form of glycogen from the liver and muscles. \\ | + | *Release of stored energy in the form of glycogen from the liver and muscles. \\ |
| - | Production of antibodies. \\ | + | *Production of antibodies. \\ |
| - | Red blood cell production and haemoglobin synthesis. \\ | + | *Red blood cell production and haemoglobin synthesis. \\ |
| - | Functioning of DNA and RNA. \\ | + | *Functioning of DNA and RNA. \\ |
| - | The balance of sodium and potassium. \\ | + | *The balance of sodium and potassium. \\ |
| - | Fluid balance regulation. \\ | + | *Fluid balance regulation. \\ |
| - | The electrical functioning of the heart, musculoskeletal system and nerves. \\ | + | *The electrical functioning of the heart, musculoskeletal system and nerves. \\ |
| - | Maintenance of intracellular magnesium. \\ | + | *Maintenance of intracellular magnesium. \\ |
| - | Metabolism of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and acetylcholine. \\ | + | *Metabolism of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and acetylcholine. \\ |
| - | Metabolism of the allergy regulator histamine. \\ | + | *Metabolism of the allergy regulator histamine. \\ |
| - | Needed for the production of neurotransmitters and hormones. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) | + | *Needed for the production of neurotransmitters and hormones. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) |
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| ===Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)=== | ===Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)=== | ||
| - | Converted into a coenzyme in the digestive tract and transported in the blood stream. Converted into its active form tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) in the presence of niacin coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and vitamin C. \\ | + | *Converted into a coenzyme in the digestive tract and transported in the blood stream. Converted into its active form tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) in the presence of niacin coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and vitamin C. \\ |
| - | Production of red blood cells. \\ | + | *Production of red blood cells. \\ |
| - | With vitamin B12 and vitamin C breakdown of protein into amino acids and the formation of other amino acids. \\ | + | *With vitamin B12 and vitamin C breakdown of protein into amino acids and the formation of other amino acids. \\ |
| - | Formation of the nucleic acids for DNA and RNA. \\ | + | *Formation of the nucleic acids for DNA and RNA. \\ |
| - | Growth and reproduction of cells (especially important for young children and pregnancy). \\ | + | *Growth and reproduction of cells (especially important for young children and pregnancy). \\ |
| - | Balancing of the brain’s neurotransmitter levels particularly the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline). ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) | + | *Balancing of the brain’s neurotransmitter levels particularly the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline). ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) |
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| ===Vitamin C=== | ===Vitamin C=== | ||
| - | Antioxidant, | + | *Antioxidant, |
| - | Recycling of vitamin C from its oxidised form (ascorbyl radical) and reduced form (ascorbate), | + | *Recycling of vitamin C from its oxidised form (ascorbyl radical) and reduced form (ascorbate), |
| - | Protection of vitamin A, vitamin E and some of the B vitamins, beta carotene, Selenium and Zinc. \\ | + | *Protection of vitamin A, vitamin E and some of the B vitamins, beta carotene, Selenium and Zinc. \\ |
| - | Formation and maintenance of collagen, used to make connective tissue found in the bones, capillary walls, cartilage, joint linings, ligaments, teeth, vertebral disks. \\ | + | *Formation and maintenance of collagen, used to make connective tissue found in the bones, capillary walls, cartilage, joint linings, ligaments, teeth, vertebral disks. \\ |
| - | Maintenance of healthy tissue. \\ | + | *Maintenance of healthy tissue. \\ |
| - | Wound healing. \\ | + | *Wound healing. \\ |
| - | Metabolism of tyrosine, tryptophan and vitamin B9. \\ | + | *Metabolism of tyrosine, tryptophan and vitamin B9. \\ |
| - | Stimulation of adrenal glands to produce epinephrine and nor-epinephrine (adrenaline and nor-adrenaline). \\ | + | *Stimulation of adrenal glands to produce epinephrine and nor-epinephrine (adrenaline and nor-adrenaline). \\ |
| - | Cholesterol metabolism. \\ | + | *Cholesterol metabolism. \\ |
| - | Thyroid function. \\ | + | *Thyroid function. \\ |
| - | Immune function – prevention and reduction of colds and flu. \\ | + | *Immune function – prevention and reduction of colds and flu. \\ |
| - | Immune response to bacteria, fungal and viruses including colds, flus, herpes, simplex, hepatitis, mononucleosis, | + | *Immune response to bacteria, fungal and viruses including colds, flus, herpes, simplex, hepatitis, mononucleosis, |
| - | Fatigue and metabolism issues. | + | *Fatigue and metabolism issues. |
| - | Helpful for those withdrawing from substances. \\ | + | *Helpful for those withdrawing from substances. \\ |
| - | Promotion of appetite. \\ | + | *Promotion of appetite. \\ |
| - | Heavy metal elimination. \\ | + | *Heavy metal elimination. \\ |
| - | Laxative properties. \\ | + | *Laxative properties. \\ |
| - | Absorption of iron from the gastro-intestinal tract especially in its non-heme (plant based) form. \\ | + | *Absorption of iron from the gastro-intestinal tract especially in its non-heme (plant based) form. \\ |
| - | Blood sugar regulation. \\ | + | *Blood sugar regulation. \\ |
| - | Possible support in the reduction of cataracts and glaucoma. \\ | + | *Possible support in the reduction of cataracts and glaucoma. \\ |
| - | Male infertility caused by the sperm clumping or clustering together and having a reduced level of mobility. \\ | + | *Male infertility caused by the sperm clumping or clustering together and having a reduced level of mobility. \\ |
| - | Prevention of atherosclerosis reducing platelet aggregation, | + | *Prevention of atherosclerosis reducing platelet aggregation, |
| - | Reduction of triglycerides and cholesterol, | + | *Reduction of triglycerides and cholesterol, |
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| ===Calcium (Ca)=== | ===Calcium (Ca)=== | ||
| - | Required for the functioning of virtually every cell in the body. \\ | + | *Required for the functioning of virtually every cell in the body. \\ |
| - | Structure of the bones and teeth and muscles. \\ | + | *Structure of the bones and teeth and muscles. \\ |
| - | Needed for muscle contraction. \\ | + | *Needed for muscle contraction. \\ |
| - | Release of neurotransmitters. \\ | + | *Release of neurotransmitters. \\ |
| - | Nerve transmission. \\ | + | *Nerve transmission. \\ |
| - | Signal transduction. \\ | + | *Signal transduction. \\ |
| - | Enzyme secretion. \\ | + | *Enzyme secretion. \\ |
| - | Heart function (muscular contraction of heart muscle). \\ | + | *Heart function (muscular contraction of heart muscle). \\ |
| - | Vascular function. \\ | + | *Vascular function. \\ |
| - | Blood coagulation. \\ | + | *Blood coagulation. \\ |
| - | Glandular secretion. \\ | + | *Glandular secretion. \\ |
| - | Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) pumps, producing cellular energy. \\ | + | *Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) pumps, producing cellular energy. \\ |
| - | Needed for growth. ((Braun 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) \\ | + | *Needed for growth. ((Braun 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) \\ |
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| ===Iron (Fe)=== | ===Iron (Fe)=== | ||
| - | Present in haem proteins e.g. haemoglobin and myoglobin – used for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. \\ | + | *Present in haem proteins e.g. haemoglobin and myoglobin – used for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. \\ |
| - | Cytochromes, | + | *Cytochromes, |
| - | A large number of enzymes rely on iron for their formation. \\ | + | *A large number of enzymes rely on iron for their formation. \\ |
| - | Within the Krebs cycle it is found in most of the functional groups of enzymes. \\ | + | *Within the Krebs cycle it is found in most of the functional groups of enzymes. \\ |
| - | Significant biological functions rely on the high redox potential of iron supporting the conversion between Fe2+ and Fe 3+ forms. \\ | + | *Significant biological functions rely on the high redox potential of iron supporting the conversion between Fe2+ and Fe 3+ forms. \\ |
| - | Key cofactor in the dopamine, norepinephrine (nor adrenaline) and serotonin synthesis and other neurotransmitters. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) \\ \\ | + | *Key cofactor in the dopamine, norepinephrine (nor adrenaline) and serotonin synthesis and other neurotransmitters. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) \\ \\ |
| ===Magnesium (Mg)=== | ===Magnesium (Mg)=== | ||
| - | Anti-stress mineral. \\ | + | *Anti-stress mineral. \\ |
| - | Natural tranquiliser. \\ | + | *Natural tranquiliser. \\ |
| - | Relaxation / dilation of skeletal muscle and the smooth muscle of the vascular system and gastrointestinal tract. \\ | + | *Relaxation / dilation of skeletal muscle and the smooth muscle of the vascular system and gastrointestinal tract. \\ |
| - | Health of the heart, prevent coronary artery spasm therefore heart attacks – dilation of cardiac muscle. \\ | + | *Health of the heart, prevent coronary artery spasm therefore heart attacks – dilation of cardiac muscle. \\ |
| - | Antiarrhythmic – prevents arrhythmia of the heart (irregular heart beat / palpitations). \\ | + | *Antiarrhythmic – prevents arrhythmia of the heart (irregular heart beat / palpitations). \\ |
| - | Intracellular nutrition activating enzymes that are needed for the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins. \\ | + | *Intracellular nutrition activating enzymes that are needed for the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins. \\ |
| - | DNA and RNA production and function. \\ | + | *DNA and RNA production and function. \\ |
| - | Electrical potential modulation across cell membranes, allowing the passage of nutrients. \\ | + | *Electrical potential modulation across cell membranes, allowing the passage of nutrients. \\ |
| - | Production of energy using adenosine triphosphate (ATP). \\ | + | *Production of energy using adenosine triphosphate (ATP). \\ |
| - | Magnesium prevents nerve cell overstimulation by preventing excess calcium stimulation. Magnesium being placed at the gate of the calcium channels - calcium channel blocker. \\ | + | *Magnesium prevents nerve cell overstimulation by preventing excess calcium stimulation. Magnesium being placed at the gate of the calcium channels - calcium channel blocker. \\ |
| - | Dilation of blood vessels. \\ | + | *Dilation of blood vessels. \\ |
| - | Key role in the formation of over 350 enzymes and cofactors in over 300 enzymatic reactions. \\ | + | *Key role in the formation of over 350 enzymes and cofactors in over 300 enzymatic reactions. \\ |
| - | Protein synthesis for anaerobic and aerobic energy. \\ | + | *Protein synthesis for anaerobic and aerobic energy. \\ |
| - | Key role in cell division. \\ | + | *Key role in cell division. \\ |
| - | Movement of potassium to myocardial cells. \\ | + | *Movement of potassium to myocardial cells. \\ |
| - | Formation of hard tooth enamel. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) \\ | + | *Formation of hard tooth enamel. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) \\ |
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| ===Phosphorus (Ph)=== | ===Phosphorus (Ph)=== | ||
| - | Bone mass production. \\ | + | *Bone mass production. \\ |
| - | Cellular energy metabolism. \\ | + | *Cellular energy metabolism. \\ |
| - | Cell function. \\ | + | *Cell function. \\ |
| - | Metabolism of carbohydrates, | + | *Metabolism of carbohydrates, |
| - | Coenzyme in a multitude of enzyme systems. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) \\ | + | *Coenzyme in a multitude of enzyme systems. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) \\ |
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| ===Potassium (K)=== | ===Potassium (K)=== | ||
| - | This mineral is a main component of intracellular fluid, it maintains the balance of water between cells. \\ | + | *This mineral is a main component of intracellular fluid, it maintains the balance of water between cells. \\ |
| - | The Na+/K+ ATPase pump (Sodium ion/ | + | *The Na+/K+ ATPase pump (Sodium ion/ |
| - | Numerous physiological processes, these include carbohydrate synthesis, cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles contraction, | + | *Numerous physiological processes, these include carbohydrate synthesis, cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles contraction, |
| - | Maintains the acid / alkali balance of the body along with bicarbonate, | + | *Maintains the acid / alkali balance of the body along with bicarbonate, |
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| ===Sodium (Na)=== | ===Sodium (Na)=== | ||
| - | All body fluids contain sodium therefore it is required for numerous body functions. \\ | + | *All body fluids contain sodium therefore it is required for numerous body functions. \\ |
| - | Acid / alkaline body balance. \\ | + | *Acid / alkaline body balance. \\ |
| - | Adrenal gland function. \\ | + | *Adrenal gland function. \\ |
| - | Extracellular volume. \\ | + | *Extracellular volume. \\ |
| - | Serum osmolarity. \\ | + | *Serum osmolarity. \\ |
| - | Intracellular and extracellular fluid balance / distribution. \\ | + | *Intracellular and extracellular fluid balance / distribution. \\ |
| - | Membrane potential for cells. \\ | + | *Membrane potential for cells. \\ |
| - | Active transport across cell membranes of molecules. \\ | + | *Active transport across cell membranes of molecules. \\ |
| - | Muscle contraction and expansion. \\ | + | *Muscle contraction and expansion. \\ |
| - | Nerve stimulation. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) \\ | + | *Nerve stimulation. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) \\ |
| ===Zinc (Zn)=== | ===Zinc (Zn)=== | ||
| - | Carbohydrate and protein metabolism. \\ | + | *Carbohydrate and protein metabolism. \\ |
| - | Cell division and differentiation. \\ | + | *Cell division and differentiation. \\ |
| - | Cognitive behaviour. \\ | + | *Cognitive behaviour. \\ |
| - | DNA metabolism and repair. \\ | + | *DNA metabolism and repair. \\ |
| - | Embryogenesis. \\ | + | *Embryogenesis. \\ |
| - | Growth and development. \\ | + | *Growth and development. \\ |
| - | Immunity. \\ | + | *Immunity. \\ |
| - | Neurogenesis. \\ | + | *Neurogenesis. \\ |
| - | Neural growth and transmission. \\ | + | *Neural growth and transmission. \\ |
| - | Proliferation, | + | *Proliferation, |
| - | Reproduction. \\ | + | *Reproduction. \\ |
| - | Synaptogenesis. \\ | + | *Synaptogenesis. \\ |
| - | Taste. \\ | + | *Taste. \\ |
| - | Vision. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) | + | *Vision. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) |
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| ===Copper (Cu)=== | ===Copper (Cu)=== | ||
| - | Essential in the functioning of a number of enzymes these include amino acid oxidase, cytochrome C oxidase and monoamine oxidase. \\ | + | *Essential in the functioning of a number of enzymes these include amino acid oxidase, cytochrome C oxidase and monoamine oxidase. \\ |
| - | Cofactor in the copper-zinc dismutase and ceruloplasmin antioxidant enzymes. \\ | + | *Cofactor in the copper-zinc dismutase and ceruloplasmin antioxidant enzymes. \\ |
| - | Antioxidant defence. \\ | + | *Antioxidant defence. \\ |
| - | Bone strength. \\ | + | *Bone strength. \\ |
| - | Brain development. \\ | + | *Brain development. \\ |
| - | Cholesterol metabolism. \\ | + | *Cholesterol metabolism. \\ |
| - | Glucose metabolism. \\ | + | *Glucose metabolism. \\ |
| - | Host defence mechanisms. \\ | + | *Host defence mechanisms. \\ |
| - | Infant growth. \\ | + | *Infant growth. \\ |
| - | Iron transport. \\ | + | *Iron transport. \\ |
| - | Myocardial contractility. \\ | + | *Myocardial contractility. \\ |
| - | Red and white cell maturation. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) \\ | + | *Red and white cell maturation. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) \\ |
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| ===Manganese (Mn)=== | ===Manganese (Mn)=== | ||
| - | Amino acid metabolism. \\ | + | *Amino acid metabolism. \\ |
| - | Carbohydrate metabolism. \\ | + | *Carbohydrate metabolism. \\ |
| - | Cholesterol metabolism. \\ | + | *Cholesterol metabolism. \\ |
| - | Component of a number of enzymes as well as activating a number of other enzymes. \\ | + | *Component of a number of enzymes as well as activating a number of other enzymes. \\ |
| - | Formation of bone. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) \\ | + | *Formation of bone. ((Braun and Cohen, 2011;Hass 2006; Hechtman 2012; Murray et al 2013; Pizzorno et al 2013)) \\ |
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